Encapsulated deep eutectic solvent for esterification of free fatty acid

Hayyan, Adeeb and Hizaddin, Hanee F. and Abed, Khalid M. and Mjalli, Farouq S. and Hashim, Mohd Ali and Abo-Hamad, Ali and Saleh, Jehad and Aljohani, Abdullah S. M. and Alharbi, Yousef M. and Alhumaydhi, Fahad A. and Ahmad, Abdul Aziz and Yeow, Andrew T. H. and Aldeehani, Ahmaad Kadmouse and Alajmi, Falah D. H. and Al Nashef, Inas (2021) Encapsulated deep eutectic solvent for esterification of free fatty acid. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. pp. 1-11. ISSN 2190-6815 E-ISSN 2190-6823

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Abstract

A novel encapsulated deep eutectic solvent (DES) was introduced for biodiesel production via a two-step process. The DES was encapsulated in medical capsules and were used to reduce the free fatty acid (FFA) content of acidic crude palm oil (ACPO) to the minimum acceptable level (< 1%). The DES was synthesized from methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (MTPB) and p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA). The effects pertaining to different operating conditions such as capsule dosage, reaction time, molar ratio, and reaction temperature were optimized. The FFA content of ACPO was reduced from existing 9.61% to less than 1% under optimum operating conditions. This indicated that encapsulated MTPB-DES performed high catalytic activity in FFA esterification reaction and showed considerable activity even after four consecutive recycling runs. The produced biodiesel after acid esterification and alkaline transesterification met the EN14214 international biodiesel standard specifications. To our best knowledge, this is the first study to introduce an acidic catalyst in capsule form. This method presents a new route for the safe storage of new materials to be used for biofuel production. Conductor-like screening model for real solvents (COSMO-RS) representation of the DES using σ-profile and σ-potential graphs indicated that MTPB and PTSA is a compatible combination due to the balanced presence and affinity towards hydrogen bond donor and hydrogen bond acceptor in each constituent.

Item Type:	Article (Journal)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Biodiesel · Methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide · Encapsulated chemicals deep eutectic solvent · Esterifcation · p-Toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate
Subjects:	T Technology > TP Chemical technology
Kulliyyahs/Centres/Divisions/Institutes (Can select more than one option. Press CONTROL button):	Kulliyyah of Engineering > Department of Science
Depositing User:	Asst. Prof Abdul Aziz Ahmad
Date Deposited:	29 Nov 2021 11:43
Last Modified:	29 Nov 2021 11:43
URI:	http://irep.iium.edu.my/id/eprint/94126

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