Ethical considerations for equitable outcome-based education in the Metaverse: a qualitative study

Mohamed Sofiadin, Aidrina (2025) Ethical considerations for equitable outcome-based education in the Metaverse: a qualitative study. GADING Journal for the Social Sciences, 28 (2). pp. 354-364. E-ISSN 2600-7568

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Abstract

The integration of Outcome-based education (OBE) into Metaverse environments promises new opportunities for immersive, authentic, and competency-driven learning experiences. However, it also presents profound ethical challenges, particularly concerning equity, accessibility, privacy, and fairness. This qualitative study investigates two research questions: (1) What ethical concerns do learners and educators identify about implementing OBE in Metaverse environments? (2) What design, policy, and pedagogical practices are recommended to mitigate inequities and value learners’ rights and dignity? Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 XR experts across education, design, and policy domains. Thematic analysis revealed three primary ethical concerns: digital access inequities, bias in assessment algorithms, and privacy and data governance risk. Recommendations emerging from the study include equity-first design principles, theoretical assessment frameworks, robust data governance policies, and culturally responsive pedagogical approaches. The findings provide an evidence-based framework to guide ethical deployment of OBE in Metaverse learning environments.

Item Type:	Article (Journal)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	metaverse outcome-based education extended Reality ethics Artificial Intelligence qualitative research
Subjects:	T Technology > T Technology (General)
Kulliyyahs/Centres/Divisions/Institutes (Can select more than one option. Press CONTROL button):	Kulliyyah of Information and Communication Technology > Department of Information System Kulliyyah of Information and Communication Technology > Department of Information System Kulliyyah of Information and Communication Technology Kulliyyah of Information and Communication Technology
Depositing User:	DR AIDRINA MOHAMED SOFIADIN
Date Deposited:	04 Dec 2025 16:37
Last Modified:	04 Dec 2025 16:37
Queue Number:	2025-11-Q357
URI:	http://irep.iium.edu.my/id/eprint/124939

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