Longitudinal dynamics modeling of an electric go-kart and analysis of regenerative braking under various braking profiles using MATLAB Simulink

Tofrowaih, Khairul Amri and Abdullah, Muhammad and Toha @ Tohara, Siti Fauziah and Rahman, Mohammed Ataur (2025) Longitudinal dynamics modeling of an electric go-kart and analysis of regenerative braking under various braking profiles using MATLAB Simulink. International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, 22 (3). pp. 12586-12602. ISSN 2229-8649 E-ISSN 2180-1606

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Abstract

Regenerative braking plays a crucial role in optimizing energy efficiency in electric vehicles (EVs), yet its performance is significantly influenced by driving behavior. This study investigates the impact of various braking profiles on regenerative braking effectiveness, with a focus on battery State of Charge (SOC) recovery. As a proof of concept, a control-oriented, first-principles mathematical model of an electric go-kart was developed in MATLAB Simulink using real prototype parameters to simulate longitudinal vehicle dynamics under different throttle, coasting, and braking conditions. In this setup, the vehicle employs a simple Regenerative Braking System using a direct current motor, which is activated when the throttle pedal is released and operates with a constant Back Electromotive Force (EMF) resistance. This mechanism can slow down the vehicle, but a friction brake is still required for a complete stop. Open-loop simulation results show that full-throttle driving achieves a maximum speed of 13.7 m/s, resulting in a 1.16% SOC depletion. During coasting, when regenerative braking is active, a 0.05% SOC gain was recorded over 100 seconds. For braking applications, the highest energy recovery (+0.030% SOC) occurred with a strategy involving 4 seconds of coasting followed by strong braking; however, this induced a high deceleration of -11.7 m/s², potentially affecting ride comfort. In contrast, immediate light braking without coasting resulted in a lower deceleration of -3.4 m/s² but reduced SOC recovery to 0.023%. These results emphasize the trade-off between energy recovery and ride comfort, underscoring the need for intelligent, adaptive braking strategies in future compact EV designs, particularly where integration with autonomous braking systems is anticipated.

Item Type:	Article (Journal)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Electric Go-Kart, Longitudinal Dynamics, Mathematical Modelling, Regenerative Braking
Subjects:	T Technology > TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery > TJ212 Control engineering
Kulliyyahs/Centres/Divisions/Institutes (Can select more than one option. Press CONTROL button):	Kulliyyah of Engineering > Department of Mechanical Engineering Kulliyyah of Engineering
Depositing User:	Muhammad Bin Abdullah
Date Deposited:	08 Sep 2025 12:33
Last Modified:	08 Sep 2025 12:33
URI:	http://irep.iium.edu.my/id/eprint/123099

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