Emergent crowd behaviour analysis via interrelationship force modelling in pedestrian dynamics during evacuation processes using a bond graph

Ahmed Allam, Ali and Mohd Ibrahim, Azhar and Al Mahmud, Suaib and Antong, Hasmawati and Md Nor, Khairul Affendy (2026) Emergent crowd behaviour analysis via interrelationship force modelling in pedestrian dynamics during evacuation processes using a bond graph. Mekatronika : Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing and Mechatronics, 8 (1). pp. 28-42. E-ISSN 2637-0883

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Abstract

Crowd dynamics simulation is important in transport station management, building evacuation, and massive public event safety management. Even though popular techniques like social force modelling and cellular automata with machine intelligence were previously employed to model evacuation, the limited representation of forces makes it difficult to comprehend individual behaviours affecting the overall crowd dynamics. The inability of the existing models to capture the crowd momentum inhibits the comprehension of crowd behaviour impact on crowd turbulence. To understand the emergent crowd behaviour by capturing the complex interplay of forces and energies associated with evacuation in a constrained scenario, this study introduces a bond graph model to represent interrelationship forces in pedestrian dynamics during evacuations. We propose transforming the bond graph model into a translation mechanical sub-model for performing a thorough analysis of momentum and effort variable rate changes. The simulations are conducted using 20SIM software, examining diverse scenarios with varying masses, locations, and closeness to exits to understand how people behave in different situations. Results obtained from the proposed model demonstrate that spatial constraints near walls affect momentum and the effort exerted toward surrounding pedestrians. Higher density of crowd leads to increased urgency to evacuate and results in longer time to reach the steady state. The proximity-based layered view shows pedestrians closest to the chosen pedestrian exerting the highest effort at a steady state. Additionally, when the chosen pedestrian is heavier than others, the effort exerted by him tends to be positive. Conversely, encountering heavier individuals may hinder movement, resulting in negative initial effort values. This study not only advances our understanding of pedestrian dynamics but also lays the groundwork for future research into the complex interrelationship forces at play in crowd movements and behaviours.

Item Type:	Article (Journal)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Bond graph modelling, Pedestrian dynamics, Social force model, Crowd evacuation
Subjects:	T Technology > T Technology (General)
Kulliyyahs/Centres/Divisions/Institutes (Can select more than one option. Press CONTROL button):	Kulliyyah of Engineering > Department of Mechatronics Engineering
Depositing User:	Dr Azhar Mohd Ibrahim
Date Deposited:	06 Oct 2026 15:45
Last Update:	06 Oct 2026 15:45
Queue Number:	2026-10-Q5459
URI:	http://irep.iium.edu.my/id/eprint/131732
Indexed In:	Google Scholar, MyCite

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