Mohd Noor, Nurul Muthmainnah and Toha, Siti Fauziah and Abdullah, Muhammad and Ahmad, Salmiah
(2026)
Dynamic modelling and control an electric
motorcycle for energy recovery via regenerative
braking.
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1598 (012055).
pp. 1-6.
Abstract
The rapid expansion of the automobile industry, largely driven by
population growth and urbanization, has intensi ied the demand for sustainable
transportation solutions. In response, electric vehicles (EVs) have gained
signi icant traction as cities strive to mitigate carbon emissions and improve
energy ef iciency. This paper presents the development and modelling of an
electric motorcycle system incorporating energy recovery mechanism to enhance
overall energy ef iciency. The system was formulated using longitudinal vehicle
dynamics equation and simulated in MATLAB to evaluate its performance. A
regenerative braking system (RBS) was integrated into the model to investigate its
effectiveness in energy recuperation, laying the groundwork for future
advancements in electric motorcycle technology. Unlike conventional motorcycles,
electric motorcycles leverage energy recovery to optimize performance and
extend operational range. In this study, the World Motorcycle Test Cycle (WMTC)
was selected as standardized drive cycles to assess the system’s response. The
braking control was implemented using a Proportional-Integral controller to
regulate braking force distribution effectively. Simulation results demonstrate that
the integration of regenerative braking signi icantly enhances the state of charge
(SOC), thereby extending the travel range. These indings highlight the potential
further optimization through the implementing of advanced braking control
strategies, contributing to the evolution of more ef icient and sustainable electric
mobility solutions.
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