Antibacterial activity, phytochemical profiling, and toxicity evaluation of green extracts from Garcinia Mangostana pericarp for food antibacterial applications

Zamarudin, Zalikha and Abdullah Sani, Muhamad Shirwan and Nordin, Noor Faizul Hadry and Amid, Azura and Hashim, Amalia Mohd and Rashed, Aswir Abd and Fadzil, Mohammad Adi Mohammad and RafI, Mohamad (2026) Antibacterial activity, phytochemical profiling, and toxicity evaluation of green extracts from Garcinia Mangostana pericarp for food antibacterial applications. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 20 (5). pp. 8231-8250. ISSN 21934126

	PDF - Published Version Restricted to Registered users only Download (2MB) | Request a copy
	PDF (Scopus) - Supplemental Material Restricted to Registered users only Download (172kB) | Request a copy

Abstract

This study investigated the antibacterial activity, phytochemical composition, and safety of Garcinia mangostana pericarp (GMP) extracts obtained using aqueous or ethanolic solvents via maceration–filtration or maceration–centrifugation–filtration. Extracts were tested against a panel of 13 bacterial strains, foodborne pathogens, spoilage bacteria, and food-contamination-associated microorganisms and analysed for phenolic and flavonoid content, gas chromatography– mass spectrometry (GC/MS) profiles, and toxicity to Artemia salina. Ethanolic GMP extract from maceration–filtration (GMPEF) inhibited all bacteria except K. pneumoniae and S. sonnei, showing the lowest MIC values (0.70–2.81 mg/mL), the highest extraction yield of 0.129±0.002 g/100 g DW (w/w), and total phenolic content (238.44±0.79 mg GAE/g DW). The upper fraction of ethanolic extract from maceration–centrifugation–filtration (GMPECA) had the highest flavonoid content (4.98±0.001 mg QE/g DW). The GC/MS identified 33 putative compounds (≥90% match to the NIST 14 library), including β-sugars, phenolics, and stigmasterol, linked to antibacterial potency. All extracts were non-toxic to A. salina (LC50>1 mg/mL); aqueous extracts generally showed higher LC50 values, suggesting a greater safety margin. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed correlations between specific phytochemicals and antibacterial performance, providing a possible chemical basis for selecting extracts. The GMPEF is well-suited in contexts where higher antibacterial activity is desired, and solvent removal is manageable, whereas GMPWCB offers a safer alternative when prioritising a conservative safety profile. While these findings indicate the potential of GMP extracts as sustainable, low-cost antibacterial agents from fruit by-products, further validation in mammalian systems and real food matrices is needed before considering practical applications.

Item Type:	Article (Journal)
Additional Information:	3688/127571
Uncontrolled Keywords:	G. mangostana pericarp · Antibacterial properties · Maceration and filtration · Maceration-filtrationcentrifugation · Bioactive compounds
Subjects:	Q Science > QD Chemistry Q Science > QK Botany Q Science > QR Microbiology
Kulliyyahs/Centres/Divisions/Institutes (Can select more than one option. Press CONTROL button):	International Institute for Halal Research and Training (INHART)
Depositing User:	Muhamad Shirwan Abdullah Sani
Date Deposited:	20 Sep 2026 22:18
Last Update:	20 Sep 2026 22:18
Queue Number:	2026-09-Q5254
URI:	http://irep.iium.edu.my/id/eprint/127571
Indexed In:	WOS and SCOPUS

Actions (login required)

View Item