Ahmad, Harith and Mokhtar, N. and Rusni, N.A.M. and Sa’ad, M.S.M. and Imaduddin, I.S. and Majid, S.R. and Mayzan, M.Z.H. and Lutfi, M.A.M. and Hussein, Mousa and Sun, S. and Thambiratnam, Kavintheran (2026) Calcium-molybdenum-cobalt-2-methylimidazole trimetallic organic framework as a saturable absorber for passive mode-locked thulium–holmium doped fiber lasers. Scientific Reports, 16 (1). p. 18979. E-ISSN 2045-2322
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Abstract
Ultrafast fiber lasers operating in the 2 μm spectral region require robust and highly nonlinear saturable absorbers (SAs) to achieve stable mode-locking. This study demonstrates that a calcium-molybdenum-cobalt-2-methylimidazole (CaMoCo-MIM), a trimetallic organic framework (TMOF), functions as an efficient SA, enabling stable and self-starting mode-locking pulse in a thulium–holmium-doped fiber laser (THDFL). The CaMoCo-MIM exhibits excellent nonlinear optical performance, achieving a high modulation depth of 36.2, surpassing many previously reported MOF-based SAs, as supported by the comparative data presented in this study. Stable soliton pulse generation was realized at a pump power of 307 mW, producing a central wavelength of 1895.21 nm, a 3 dB spectral bandwidth of 3.03 nm, and a pulse duration of 1.25 ps. A time-bandwidth product (TBP) of 0.316 indicates a nearly chirp-free pulse. Long-term operation over four hours confirmed robust stability with a constant repetition rate of 14.6 MHz. This TMOF establishes a high-modulation-depth SA in next-generation lasers. © The Author(s) 2026.
| Item Type: | Article (Journal) |
|---|---|
| Additional Information: | Cited by: 0; All Open Access, Gold Open Access, Green Open Access |
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | calcium; holmium; thulium; adult; article; bandwidth; controlled study; duration; female; fiber; laser; nonhuman; pulse rate |
| Subjects: | Q Science > QC Physics |
| Kulliyyahs/Centres/Divisions/Institutes (Can select more than one option. Press CONTROL button): | Kulliyyah of Science Kulliyyah of Science > Department of Physics |
| Depositing User: | Ts. Dr. Kavintheran Thambiratnam |
| Date Deposited: | 19 Oct 2026 11:44 |
| Last Update: | 19 Oct 2026 11:44 |
| Queue Number: | 2026-10-Q5666 |
| URI: | http://irep.iium.edu.my/id/eprint/131809 |
| Indexed In: | WOS and SCOPUS, ERA, Google Scholar |
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