Hashim, Nur Izzati Husna and Alias, Norsyuhada (2026) A laboratory framework for evaluating antimicrobial activity in herbal soaps: a model system using neem and turmeric formulations. Malaysian Applied Biology, 55 (3). pp. 79-85. ISSN 0126-8643 E-ISSN 2462-151X
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Abstract
The rising concern of skin infections caused by common microbes like Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans exacerbated by increased antimicrobial resistance from overuse of conventional drugs has increased the public’s interest in natural and herbal-based products. While commercial medicated soaps have extensive studies on their antimicrobial activities, existing research on herbal soaps predominantly focuses on plant extracts rather than finished soap formulations, leaving a gap in understanding the true efficacy of herbal-based soaps against clinically relevant pathogens. Additionally, variations in preparation methods and the absence of standardised testing protocols complicate the comparison and validation of results across different studies. The study aims to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of herbal-based soaps using standardised laboratory procedures. A broth microdilution assay was conducted, followed by subculture confirmation to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), minimum bactericidal (MBC) and fungicidal (MFC) concentrations. Time-kill assay assessed concentration- and time-dependent effects at MBC/MFC levels through serial dilutions and colony-forming units (CFU) enumeration. The MIC and MBC values for Staphylococcus aureus were 53.33 mg/mL and 80 mg/mL, respectively, with time-kill analysis showing bacterial reduction within 30 s and complete elimination by 3 min. Candida albicans exhibited higher MIC and MFC values of 120 mg/mL, with complete inhibition observed at 4 min. Overall, the low MIC values and rapid microbial inhibition highlight the influence of soap concentration and exposure time on its potency. Overall, this investigation not only demonstrated the microbial reduction capability of the herbal soap but also contributed valuable methodological insights. By providing a useful testing framework, it paves the way for ongoing improvements in product formulation and ensures that consistent efficacy standards can be maintained. This contributes to the broader field of natural product development and supports the increasing interest in plant-based antimicrobial agents as safe and effective alternatives to conventional chemicals.
| Item Type: | Article (Journal) |
|---|---|
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | Antimicrobial, broth microdilution, herbal soaps, minimum inhibitory concentration, time-kill assay |
| Subjects: | Q Science > QR Microbiology |
| Kulliyyahs/Centres/Divisions/Institutes (Can select more than one option. Press CONTROL button): | Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences > Department of Biomedical Science (Effective:1st July 2011) |
| Depositing User: | Norsyuhada Alias |
| Date Deposited: | 23 Sep 2026 15:22 |
| Last Update: | 23 Sep 2026 15:22 |
| Queue Number: | 2026-09-Q5304 |
| URI: | http://irep.iium.edu.my/id/eprint/131551 |
| Indexed In: | WOS and SCOPUS, MyCite |
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