Othman, Asem and Abdul Hamid, Mohd Fauzi and Mohd Noor, Siti Salwa and Alosman, Abdulrahman (2026) العوامل اخلارجية املؤثرة يف البيئة اللغوية جتاه مهارة الكالم = External factors affecting the linguistic environment and their influence on speaking skills. International Journal of Advanced Research in Islamic Studies and Education (ARISE), 6 (3). pp. 152-174. E-ISSN 2785-9088
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Abstract
Speaking skills are widely recognized as one of the most complex language skills because effective oral performance depends not only on learners’ linguistic competence but also on the quality of the language environment in which communication occurs. This review article critically examines the external factors affecting the linguistic environment and their influence on speaking skills among second and foreign language learners, with reference to Arabic language education. Employing a descriptive-analytical review approach, the study synthesizes recent empirical research, theoretical frameworks, institutional reports, and international educational standards to analyze how social, educational, psychological, cultural, technological, physical, economic, and language policy factors interact to shape oral communication. The review demonstrates that speaking proficiency emerges from the dynamic interaction between learners and their surrounding linguistic environment rather than from linguistic knowledge alone. Classroom climate, willingness to communicate, foreign language anxiety, supportive teacher practices, equitable access to digital technologies, physical learning conditions, and inclusive language policies were identified as major determinants of oral performance. The analysis further reveals that these factors operate through interconnected psychological and pedagogical mechanisms that either facilitate or constrain learners' participation in authentic communicative situations. Based on these findings, the article proposes an integrated conceptual framework for understanding the relationship between the linguistic environment and speaking skill development and highlights important directions for future mixed-methods research. It concludes that improving speaking proficiency requires comprehensive reforms extending beyond classroom instruction to include institutional practices, educational policies, technological integration, and supportive language environments that promote meaningful communication and sustained oral interaction.
| Item Type: | Article (Journal) |
|---|---|
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | Speaking Skills; Linguistic Environment; External Factors; Oral Communication; Willingness to Communicate; Foreign Language Anxiety; Arabic as a Foreign Language; Language Education. |
| Subjects: | P Language and Literature > PJ Semitic > PJ6001 Arabic > PJ6073 Language |
| Kulliyyahs/Centres/Divisions/Institutes (Can select more than one option. Press CONTROL button): | Kulliyyah of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human Sciences > Department of Arabic Language and Literature Kulliyyah of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human Sciences |
| Depositing User: | Dr Abdulrahman Alosman |
| Date Deposited: | 17 Aug 2026 14:52 |
| Last Update: | 17 Aug 2026 14:52 |
| Queue Number: | 2026-08-Q4778 |
| URI: | http://irep.iium.edu.my/id/eprint/130843 |
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