Mahmud, Md and Rakibul Islam, S. M. and Motakabber, S. M. A. (2026) Design and performance analysis of an adaptive pid controller for brushless DC motor systems in electric vehicles. World Electric Vehicle Journal (WEVJ), 17 (422). pp. 1-14. ISSN 2032-6653
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Abstract
Brushless DC (BLDC) motors are now the dominant propulsion choice for electric vehicles (EVs) because of their high torque density, efficiency and reliability, but their nonlinear dynamics, electronic commutation, and wide load and speed range make fixed-gain control difficult. A single set of proportional–integral–derivative (PID) gains tuned at one operating point degrades when inertia, back-EMF, or load torque change. This paper presents a hybrid adaptive PID speed controller for a BLDC EV drive that couples an online PID auto-tuner that re-estimates the gains from a frequency response estimate of the plant, with a fast fixed-structure PID that supplies the rapid corrective action that the auto-tuner cannot provide during its estimation interval. The novelty of this work is this explicit twoelement decomposition operating on a cascaded speed/voltage loop driven by Hall sensor feedback, which removes the need for an exact analytical feedback model while retaining the transparency of classical PID. A full analytical model of the BLDC machine and the closed-loop transfer functions is derived and implemented in MATLAB/Simulink. Across step references of 1000–1800 rpm and load steps to 10 N·m, and against a conventional fixedgain PID and a Flower Pollination Algorithm (FPA)-tuned PID, the proposed controller holds overshoot below 1% at low-to-mid speed and a consistently lower torque ripple, while a 12.4% transient undershoot at 1800 rpm under sudden load identifies the present operating limit and a direction for future work.
| Item Type: | Article (Journal) |
|---|---|
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | PID controller; electric vehicles; adaptive PID; BLDC; PWM; fuzzy logic |
| Subjects: | T Technology > TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering > TK4001 Applications of electric power T Technology > TL Motor vehicles. Aeronautics. Astronautics > TL1 Motor vehicles |
| Kulliyyahs/Centres/Divisions/Institutes (Can select more than one option. Press CONTROL button): | Kulliyyah of Engineering |
| Depositing User: | Dr S M A Motakabber |
| Date Deposited: | 15 Aug 2026 15:29 |
| Last Update: | 15 Aug 2026 15:29 |
| Queue Number: | 2026-08-Q4742 |
| URI: | http://irep.iium.edu.my/id/eprint/130795 |
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