Hashim, Rosnani and Ahmad Rufai, Saheed and Mohd Nor, Mohd Roslan
(2011)
Traditional Islamic education in Asia and Africa: a comparative study of
Malaysia’s Pondok, Indonesia’s Pesantren and Nigeria’s traditional madrasah.
World Journal of Islamic History and Civilization, 1 (2).
pp. 94-107.
ISSN 2225-0883
Abstract
The Muslim world has witnessed the emergence of several Islamic-based institutes and universities
in the last three decades, in keeping with some of the recommendations of World Conferences on Muslim
Education. Such a development has greatly improved the quality of higher Islamic education especially with
regards to the contribution to Islamic scholarship of some of the graduates of such Islamic institutes and
universities. However, the traditional system of Islamic education at the pre-university level has not been
greatly influenced by such a development. There has not been a comprehensive study of the system as
operated in various contemporary Muslim settings, with a view to assessing the degree of its efficacy.
Therefore, there is a long-felt need for such a research endeavour. The purpose of this paper is to carry out a
comparative study of Malaysia’s pondok, Indonesia’s pesantren and Nigeria’s traditional madrasah system.
The choice of the three educational settings was informed by the growing impression that Malaysia and
Indonesia, both Asian countries, offer some of the best practices in traditional Islamic education, which may
be used as standards in improving upon what operates in Nigeria, an African country with the largest Muslim
population and largest number of madaaris (pl.). The paper traces the origins of the traditional Islamic education
system, discusses the evolution of each of the three systems and addresses such salient issues as ownership
of the school, the structure of the school, the curriculum, teachers’ requirements and qualifications, teaching
methods, evaluation procedures, teachers’ welfare and salaries, the socio-economic status of the teacher, the
schools and the challenges of higher education in the face of urbanization, as well as practical recommendations
for reforms. The paper, which is both historical and analytical in nature, employs the philosophical method, in
its critical perspectives and practical suggestions. The significance of such a comparative study lies in its
potentiality to expose the strengths and deficiencies of each of the educational settings, as well as highlight
their commonalities and differences.
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