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Influence of infill and nozzle diameter on porosity of PLA 3d printed parts

Sukindar, Nor Aiman and Md Yasir, Ahmad Shah Hizam and Kamaruddin, Shafie and Mohd Nazli, Muhammad Afiq Iman and Mohd Khata, Mohamad Talhah Al Hafiz and Ab Aziz, Ahmad Azlan and Haji Ahmad Sabli, Ahmad Syamaizar and Noor Awalludin, Muhammad Mukhtar and Jamil, Mohamad Nor Hafiz (2025) Influence of infill and nozzle diameter on porosity of PLA 3d printed parts. International Journal of Modern Manufacturing Technologies, XVII (1). pp. 31-41. ISSN 2067–3604

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Abstract

This study investigates the influence of infill density, infill pattern, and nozzle diameter on the porosity of polylactic acid (PLA) parts fabricated using fused filament fabrication (FFF). Nine different parameter combinations were evaluated using a Taguchi L9 orthogonal array, involving three infill densities (15%, 45%, 75%), three nozzle diameters (0.2 mm, 0.4 mm, 0.6 mm), and three infill patterns (grid, cubic, gyroid). Porosity was measured using gravimetric methods and supported by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Results showed that infill density was the most significant factor, reducing porosity from 84.98% at 15% to 28.78% at 75% (p = 0.000). Nozzle diameter also affected porosity, decreasing from 58.17% at 0.2 mm to 55.61% at 0.6 mm (p = 0.062). The influence of infill pattern, while not statistically significant (p = 0.093), was visually evident: the grid pattern consistently resulted in lower porosity (~56.22%) due to uniform filament paths, while the gyroid pattern exhibited the highest porosity (~58.45%) due to its complex, non-intersecting structure. The optimal combination for minimizing porosity included a 75% infill density, grid pattern, and 0.6 mm nozzle diameter. These findings provide valuable guidelines for optimizing FFF parameters to improve the structural quality of PLA printed components

Item Type: Article (Journal)
Uncontrolled Keywords: infill density, infill pattern, nozzle diameter, porosity, polylactic acid
Subjects: T Technology > TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery > TJ227 Machine design and drawing
Kulliyyahs/Centres/Divisions/Institutes (Can select more than one option. Press CONTROL button): Kulliyyah of Engineering > Department of Manufacturing and Materials Engineering
Depositing User: Dr NOR AIMAN SUKINDAR
Date Deposited: 30 Jun 2025 11:16
Last Modified: 30 Jun 2025 11:16
URI: http://irep.iium.edu.my/id/eprint/121755

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