Cu-MOF as a saturable absorber for mode-locking at 2 µm and beyond

Ahmad, Harith and Chiam, Joe Win and Kamaruzzaman, Khalil and Samion, Muhamad Zharif and Mutlu, Saliha and Filiz, Volkan and Arsu, Nergis and Yilmaz, Sevil Savaskan and Ortaç, Bülend and Thambiratnam, Kavintheran (2025) Cu-MOF as a saturable absorber for mode-locking at 2 µm and beyond. Scientific Reports, 15 (1). pp. 1-11. ISSN 2045-2322

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Abstract

In this study, a copper-based metal–organic framework (Cu-MOF) was synthesized using terephthalic acid (TPA, H2L), 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethene (bpe) as organic binders, and Cu2+ ions, to act as a saturable absorber (SA) material. The SA was fabricated by depositing Cu-MOF on an arc-shaped fiber, and was then incorporated into a thulium-doped fiber laser (TDFL) and a holmium-doped fiber laser (HDFL), with both achieving stable mode-locking operation. The SA exhibited a modulation depth of 5.7% and a saturation intensity of 13.8 MW/cm2, respectively. The maximum average output power of the TDFL was 6.82 mW, while that of the HDFL was 2.64 mW. Pulse widths were measured at 1.08 ps for the TDFL and 1.75 ps for the HDFL respectively. The TDFL achieved a pulse energy of 464 pJ and a peak power of 430 W. The output of the HDFL had a pulse energy of 180 pJ and a peak power of 94.9 W, respectively. Both lasers were monitored for 4 h to ensure their stability.

Item Type:	Article (Journal)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Mode-locking, Saturable absorber, Metal–organic frameworks, Thulium-doped fiber laser, Holmium-doped fiber laser
Subjects:	Q Science > QC Physics
Kulliyyahs/Centres/Divisions/Institutes (Can select more than one option. Press CONTROL button):	Kulliyyah of Science Kulliyyah of Science > Department of Physics
Depositing User:	Ts. Dr. Kavintheran Thambiratnam
Date Deposited:	09 Oct 2026 15:31
Last Update:	09 Oct 2026 15:31
Queue Number:	2026-10-Q5488
URI:	http://irep.iium.edu.my/id/eprint/131776
Indexed In:	WOS and SCOPUS

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