Rambe, Aldy Safruddin and Syarifah, Siti and Muhar, Adi Muradi and Pane, Yunita Sari and Khatib, Alfi (2026) Synergistic effects of Clinacanthus nutans leaf aqueous extract and paclitaxel on the cell cycle and apoptosis of breast cancer stem cells expressing CD44+ /CD24 −. Trends in Sciences, 23 (11). pp. 1-16. E-ISSN 2774-0226
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Abstract
We investigated the combination effect of Clinacanthus nutans (C. nutans) leaf aqueous extract and paclitaxel on breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) cell cycle and apoptosis, and identify potential anti-cancer active compounds in C. nutans leaves. We performed cell cycle and apoptosis test by using flow cytometry to determine the synergistic effects of the combination. The potential anti-cancer compounds in C. nutans leaf aqueous extract was determined using an LC-MS/QTOF system. BCSCs expressing CD44+/CD24- viability decreased after the administration of C. nutans leaf aqueous extract and paclitaxel. The combination group had a higher number of cells in S-phase compared to the control group. We found a significant difference in the percentage of number of cells between groups in G2/M phase. More early and late apoptotic cells were observed in the combination group than in only C. nutans leaf aqueous extract or control groups. We found the upregulation of P53 and downregulation of MDM2 in C. nutans leaf aqueous extract group. We found six bioactive compounds namely 3β,6beta-dihydroxynortropane, isoorientin 2''-O-arabinoside, 2-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid, 2-aminohexadecanoic acids, enigmol and spisulosine. C. nutans leaf aqueous extract synergized with paclitaxel, interfered with the cell cycle (mainly in G2/M phase), and induced early and late apoptosis in BCSCs. The synergistic effects are believed to be due to the presence of 3β,6beta-dihydroxynortropane, isoorientin 2″-O-arabinoside, 2-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid, 2-aminohexadecanonic acid, enigmol, and spisulosine that exert anti-cancer effects.
| Item Type: | Article (Journal) |
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| Additional Information: | Alfi Khatib is the first IIUM author |
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | C. nutans leaf, Aqueous extract, Breast cancer stem cells, Paclitaxel |
| Subjects: | R Medicine > RS Pharmacy and materia medica > RS403 Materia Medica-Pharmaceutical Chemistry |
| Kulliyyahs/Centres/Divisions/Institutes (Can select more than one option. Press CONTROL button): | Kulliyyah of Pharmacy > Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Kulliyyah of Pharmacy |
| Depositing User: | Dr. Alfi Khatib |
| Date Deposited: | 21 Sep 2026 15:54 |
| Last Update: | 21 Sep 2026 15:54 |
| Queue Number: | 2026-09-Q5168 |
| URI: | http://irep.iium.edu.my/id/eprint/131354 |
| Indexed In: | Google Scholar |
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