Depression, anxiety, stress, and dry eye disease among Gazan undergraduate health sciences and nursing students: a structural equation modeling study

Aljarousha, Mohammed and Che Azemin, Mohd Zulfaezal and Ariffin, Indang Ariati and Alhoot, Mohammed Abdelfatah and Elmanama, Abdelraouf A. and Alsaqqa, Hatem H. and Aljeesh, Yousef and Awg Isa, Mohd Zaki and Ang, Mia Yang and Alghamdi, Waleed M. and Ahmad Mizher, Hussam Abdeljabar and Shaqoura, Emad I.H. (2026) Depression, anxiety, stress, and dry eye disease among Gazan undergraduate health sciences and nursing students: a structural equation modeling study. Contact Lens and Anterior Eye, 49 (1). pp. 1-6. ISSN 1367-0484

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Abstract

Purpose: To investigate associations between dry eye disease (DED) symptoms and psychological distress (depression, anxiety, stress) among undergraduate health sciences and nursing students in the Gaza Strip during the 2023–2025 conflict period. Methods: A cross-sectional study used convenience sampling via WhatsApp and face-to-face interviews between 4 February and 29 April 2025. Participants completed a demographic form, the Arabic Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), and the Arabic Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-8 (DASS-8). Analyses included descriptive statistics, group comparisons, correlations, and structural equation modeling (SEM) with interaction terms; sex was included as a covariate, and academic year was examined as an exploratory moderator of distress–symptom associations. Results: Data from 282 students (190 female, 92 male) were analyzed. OSDI scores were skewed upward (median 25.0, IQR 16.67–33.33). Using OSDI > 12, symptomatic DED prevalence was 87.9 %. OSDI correlated with depression (r = 0.37), anxiety (r = 0.44), and stress (r = 0.56), all p < 0.001. SEM indicated a stronger unique association for stress and a smaller, significant association for depression; moderation by academic year was not statistically significant. The classifier achieved good discrimination for symptomatic status (AUC = 0.829). Conclusion: Among Gazan health sciences and nursing students, DED symptoms were common and associated with psychological distress—particularly stress and, to a lesser extent, depression. Sex and academic year did not show robust effects. Findings support considering mental health within DED management for students in conflict settings.

Item Type:	Article (Journal)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Dry eye disease, OSDI DASS-8, Psychological distress Students, Gaza, Conflict
Subjects:	R Medicine > R Medicine (General) R Medicine > RE Ophthalmology
Kulliyyahs/Centres/Divisions/Institutes (Can select more than one option. Press CONTROL button):	Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences Kulliyyah of Pharmacy
Depositing User:	Dr. Mohd Zulfaezal Che Azemin
Date Deposited:	11 Feb 2026 15:09
Last Modified:	11 Feb 2026 15:09
Queue Number:	2026-02-Q2049
URI:	http://irep.iium.edu.my/id/eprint/127310

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