Taupik, Muhammad and Fakhruddin, Nanang and Mustapa, Mohamad A. and Djuwarno, Endah N. and Ahmed, Qamar Uddin (2025) Potential cytotoxic isolates of Spigelia anthelmia Linn. against T47D and WiDr cancer cells. Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research, 9 (12). pp. 6249-6257. ISSN 2616-0684 E-ISSN 2616-0692
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Abstract
Natural products continue to provide valuable leads for anticancer drug discovery, yet limited studies have addressed the bioactive constituents of Spigelia anthelmia Linn. This research aimed to isolate and characterize cytotoxic metabolites of S. anthelmia using a bioassay-guided isolation approach. Sequential extraction, vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC), and preparative thin-layer chromatography (PTLC) yielded a semi-purified fraction designated as Isolate A. Cytotoxicity was evaluated against T47D breast cancer and WiDr colon cancer cells using the MTT assay. Isolate A significantly reduced cell viability in a dose-dependent manner (ANOVA, p < 0.05), with IC₅₀ values of 166.92 ± 5.10 µg/mL (T47D) and 245.24 ± 6.25 µg/mL (WiDr), whereas doxorubicin exhibited IC₅₀ values of 40.05 ± 2.30 µg/mL and 3.57 ± 0.45 µg/mL, respectively. Flow cytometry with Annexin V–FITC/PI staining revealed a visible shift of cell populations toward early and late apoptotic quadrants, indicating apoptosis as the predominant mechanism of cell death. Spectroscopic characterization by FTIR, LC–MS, and NMR suggested that Isolate A is a phenolic/alkaloid-type compound (m/z 218 [M+H]⁺) containing hydroxyl, carbonyl, and heteroaromatic groups. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that S. anthelmia contains apoptosis-inducing metabolites with measurable cytotoxicity, supporting its potential as a natural source of anticancer leads and warranting further purification and mechanistic investigation. To our knowledge, this is the first study to combine bioassay-guided isolation, apoptosis profiling, and spectroscopic characterisation of S. anthelmia metabolites in T47D and WiDr cancer cells.
| Item Type: | Article (Journal) |
|---|---|
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | Bioassay-guided isolation, Cytotoxicity, Apoptosis, Phenolic alkaloids, Spigelia anthelmia, Spectroscopic characterization |
| Subjects: | Q Science > QD Chemistry R Medicine > RS Pharmacy and materia medica R Medicine > RS Pharmacy and materia medica > RS403 Materia Medica-Pharmaceutical Chemistry |
| Kulliyyahs/Centres/Divisions/Institutes (Can select more than one option. Press CONTROL button): | Kulliyyah of Pharmacy Kulliyyah of Pharmacy > Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry |
| Depositing User: | Dr Qamar Uddin Ahmed |
| Date Deposited: | 09 Jan 2026 12:02 |
| Last Modified: | 09 Jan 2026 12:10 |
| Queue Number: | 2026-01-Q1650 |
| URI: | http://irep.iium.edu.my/id/eprint/126846 |
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