Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in resolving community disputes in Pakistan: learning from Malaysia’s experience

Ihtesham, Ullah Khan and Mohamed, Nurah Sabahiah and Omoola, Sodiq (2025) Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in resolving community disputes in Pakistan: learning from Malaysia’s experience. IIUM Law Journal, 33 (1). pp. 167-200. ISSN 0128-2530 E-ISSN 2289-7852

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Abstract

Disputes are ubiquitous in human societies, spanning across individuals, families, tribes, and nations. In Pakistan, various provinces have developed traditional dispute resolution mechanisms: the Jirga system for the Pushtoon community, Panchayat for Punjabis, Faislo among Sindhis, and Balochi Jirga for Balochis. These systems, rooted in cultural practices, have historically facilitated justice and harmony. However, they have faced criticism for their reliance on unwritten rules, informal structures, and violations of human and women's rights. This article explores the nature of these traditional systems in Pakistan, analysing their methods of dispute resolution and their effectiveness in administering justice. The study adopts a qualitative methodology, using doctrinal and library-based legal research, along with a comparative analysis of community dispute resolution in Pakistan and Malaysia. It also proposes recommendations for enhancing these systems, drawing insights from Malaysia's successful community mediation programmes. Unlike Pakistan, Malaysia has formalised community mediation under the Department of National Unity and National Integration since 1969, achieving positive outcomes in dispute resolution. The article suggests that Pakistan should establish a legal framework to regulate community mediation, ensuring adherence to human rights and justice standards. By integrating lessons from Malaysia's approach and emphasising the role of government bodies in justice administration, the traditional dispute resolution systems in Pakistan can be strengthened for greater effectiveness and fairness in resolving disputes.

Item Type:	Article (Note)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Traditional Dispute Resolution, Community Mediation, Human Rights Standards, Legal Framework
Subjects:	K Law > K Law (General)
Kulliyyahs/Centres/Divisions/Institutes (Can select more than one option. Press CONTROL button):	Ahmad Ibrahim Kulliyyah of Laws > Department of Civil Law Ahmad Ibrahim Kulliyyah of Laws
Depositing User:	Dr. Sodiq Omoola
Date Deposited:	12 Dec 2025 11:32
Last Modified:	12 Dec 2025 11:32
Queue Number:	2025-12-Q799
URI:	http://irep.iium.edu.my/id/eprint/125626

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