AquaLink in HAB detection: integrating IoT and 3D-printed PETG for monitoring aquaculture conditions conducive to HAB

Nik Mohd Kamal, Nik Nor Muhammad Saifudin and Zainuddin, Ahmad Anwar and Amir Hussin, Amir 'Aatieff and Mohammad Noor, Normawaty and Mohd Razali, Roziawati and Ayub, Mohd Nor Azman and Harman, Muhammad Farouk (2025) AquaLink in HAB detection: integrating IoT and 3D-printed PETG for monitoring aquaculture conditions conducive to HAB. ECTI Transactions on Computer and Information Technology (ECTI-CIT), 19 (4). pp. 516-528. ISSN 2286-9131

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Abstract

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) pose a serious threat to aquaculture and environmental health, often resulting in considerable ecological and economic impacts. Conventional water quality monitoring techniques, often manual and time-consuming, are inadequate for the timely detection of conditions that promote HAB formation. To overcome these limitations, the AquaLink system was developed by integrating the Internet of Things (IoT) technology with 3D-printed polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) enclosures, enabling scalable, real-time, and cost-e�ective monitoring of water quality. The system employs sensors to measure essential parameters, including atmospheric pressure, temperature, and turbidity, with data transferred through Raspberry Pi and ESP32 controllers to an IoT dashboard for real-time analysis and visualisation. PETG-based casings were combined with IoT-enabled sensors to improve durability and reduce biofouling in aquatic environments. Prototypes were tested across di�erent water bodies to validate performance under real-world conditions. The results demonstrated that the system e�ectively provided real-time monitoring of aquaculture environments, allowing the early identi�cation of HAB risks through continuous tracking of water quality indicators. Beyond its technical contributions, AquaLink o�ers societal bene�ts by serving as a low-cost, e�cient tool that reduces �sh mortality, limits environmental degradation, and enhances food security. The �exibility and scalability of the system make it applicable to small-scale and industrial aquaculture operations, fostering sustainable practices through advanced environmental monitoring.

Item Type:	Article (Journal)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Harmful Algal Blooms, Internet of Things, Aquaculture, Water Quality, Environmental Monitoring, Raspberry Pi, ESP32, Dashboard, ThingsBoard, Real-time Data, Sensor Integration, 3D Printing, PETG
Subjects:	T Technology > T Technology (General) > T173.2 Technological change
Kulliyyahs/Centres/Divisions/Institutes (Can select more than one option. Press CONTROL button):	Kulliyyah of Information and Communication Technology > Department of Computer Science Kulliyyah of Information and Communication Technology > Department of Computer Science Kulliyyah of Information and Communication Technology Kulliyyah of Information and Communication Technology
Depositing User:	Ts.Dr. Ahmad Anwar Zainuddin
Date Deposited:	03 Dec 2025 16:05
Last Modified:	03 Dec 2025 16:05
Queue Number:	2025-11-Q328
URI:	http://irep.iium.edu.my/id/eprint/124881

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