Jalal Nore, Abdul Wahed Jalal Nore and Tahir, Zhilwan
(2024)
Cyclical and linear progress in history: a comparative analysis of Ibn Khaldun, Hegel, and Toynbee.
International Journal of Social Science, Management and Economics Research, 2 (6 (November- December 2024)).
pp. 119-138.
ISSN 2583-9853
Abstract
This article explores the central historiographical debate between cyclical and linear perspectives
of historical progress, focusing on the contributions of Ibn Khaldun, Hegel, and Toynbee. Ibn
Khaldun's cyclical theory emphasises the rise and fall of civilisations driven by social cohesion
(Asabiyyah), economic factors, and moral dynamics. Hegel, in contrast, presents a linear,
teleological progression of history guided by the realisation of freedom and rationality through
dialectical processes. Toynbee offers a hybrid model, blending cyclical challenges with potential
linear advancements, emphasising creative responses to crises. The comparative framework
examines their views on the nature of progress, the driving forces of change, and the patterns of
rise and decline in civilisations. Ibn Khaldun’s focus on internal cohesion and leadership is
juxtaposed with Hegel’s deterministic progression and Toynbee’s adaptive flexibility. Integrating
insights from modern thinkers, this study highlights how these perspectives inform contemporary
issues like nationalism, globalisation, and governance. By analysing these paradigms, the article
demonstrates the enduring relevance of cyclical and linear approaches in understanding historical
evolution and societal transformation.
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