Mitragyna speciosa Korth toxicity: experimental findings and future prospects

Begum, Taslima and Arzmi, Mohd Hafiz and Helal Uddin, A.B.M. and Khatib, Alfi and Abbas, Syed Atif and Ahmed, Qamar Uddin (2024) Mitragyna speciosa Korth toxicity: experimental findings and future prospects. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, 19 (6). pp. 1143-1156. ISSN 1658-3612

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Abstract

Mitragyna speciosa (Roxb.) Korth, locally known as kratom, is a traditional medicinal plant from Southeast Asia, with mitragynine as its principal alkaloid. Similar to other medicinal plants, kratom has side effects and toxicities, which have been documented in scientific studies and case reports. The mitragynine sale and possession of kratom are prohibited in Malaysia but legalized in Thailand. In the US, kratom is not lawfully marketed as a drug product, a dietary supplement, or a food additive in conventional food. Despite these restrictions, individuals continue to self-administer kratom to alleviate various health problems, often without a comprehensive understanding of the associated toxicities. Hence, the primary aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the toxicities associated with kratom, drawing from scientific studies, case reports, and other relevant sources. It also addresses the management of these toxicities, identifies gaps in existing studies, and discusses future perspectives. Therefore, a literature review search was conducted to gather essential information for this review. The in vitro studies focused on metabolizing enzymes, indirectly indicating kratom toxicity. By contrast, the in vivo results directly demonstrated kratom’s toxic effects on the liver, kidneys, lungs, and brain. Case studies, primarily from Western countries, involved both single and combination use of kratom. Thus, by shedding light on these aspects, we aim to enhance awareness among healthcare professionals and the general public. Additionally, identifying existing gaps can guide future scientific studies. Since prevention is better than cure, this review holistically presents information about the toxicities associated with the use of kratom leaves, serving anyone seeking to understand and prevent kratom-related toxicities.

Item Type:	Article (Review)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Cardiotoxicity, Hepatotoxicity, Kratom, Mitragyna speciosa, Mitragynine, Toxicity
Subjects:	Q Science > QD Chemistry R Medicine > RM Therapeutics. Pharmacology R Medicine > RS Pharmacy and materia medica > RS192 Materia Medica-Pharmaceutical Technology R Medicine > RS Pharmacy and materia medica > RS403 Materia Medica-Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Kulliyyahs/Centres/Divisions/Institutes (Can select more than one option. Press CONTROL button):	Kulliyyah of Pharmacy Kulliyyah of Pharmacy > Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Depositing User:	Dr. A. B. M. Helal Uddin
Date Deposited:	18 Dec 2024 14:54
Last Modified:	18 Dec 2024 15:08
URI:	http://irep.iium.edu.my/id/eprint/116847

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