Individual, host–vector interactions, and environmental risk factors for Plasmodium knowlesi malaria among at-risk communities in Peninsular Malaysia: a case–control study

Pasi, Hafizah and Mohamad, Emma Mirza Wati and Azlan, Arina Anis and Hamzah, Mohammad Rezal and Sulong, Mohd Rahim and Isa, Affendi and Genapathy, Sivasangari and Damanhuri, Hazwani (2025) Individual, host–vector interactions, and environmental risk factors for Plasmodium knowlesi malaria among at-risk communities in Peninsular Malaysia: a case–control study. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 25 (3). pp. 167-179. ISSN 1530-3667 E-ISSN 1557-7759

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Abstract

Background: Highlighting the individual, host–vector interactions, and environmental risk factors for knowlesi malaria were consequential toward more focused and effective prevention and control strategies. This study aims to identify the individual, host–vector interactions, and environmental risk factors for Plasmodium knowlesi malaria among at-risk communities in PeninsularMalaysia. Materials and Methods: A case–control study was conducted involving laboratory-confirmed cases of P. knowlesi malaria, while a locality-matched individual with no history of fever and tested negative for malaria was taken as control. Univariate and multiple logistic regression were applied to evaluate the potential risk factors among respondents using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26.0. Results: Results showed higher cases among males as compared to females (76.1% vs. 23.9%). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed being male is 3.51 higher risk (p < 0.001) to become a case. Respondents whose place of work or study is near the forest edge have 44.0% lower risk (p = 0.030), while those living in the Orang Asli village were 56.0% lower risk as compared to the organized village to become a case (p = 0.035). Conclusion: These findings demonstrated that gender emerges as an independent individual risk factor while residing near a forest edge, in an Orang Asli village, or occupying workers’ longhouses situated in hilly areas lowered the environmental risk among respondents. These findings attested that alternative directions must be considered in addressing the known risk factors associated with this type of malaria and the design of prevention and control programs should be tailored to the unique characteristics of each population.

Item Type:	Article (Journal)
Additional Information:	7367/116182
Uncontrolled Keywords:	individual, host–vector interaction, environmental, risk factor, knowlesi malaria, at-risk communities
Subjects:	R Medicine > RA Public aspects of medicine > RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine R Medicine > RA Public aspects of medicine > RA643 Communicable Diseases and Public Health
Kulliyyahs/Centres/Divisions/Institutes (Can select more than one option. Press CONTROL button):	Kulliyyah of Medicine > Department of Community Medicine (Effective: 1st January 2011) Kulliyyah of Medicine
Depositing User:	Assistant Professor Dr Hafizah Pasi
Date Deposited:	20 Mar 2025 08:51
Last Modified:	20 Mar 2025 09:13
URI:	http://irep.iium.edu.my/id/eprint/116182

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