Mustafa, Norashikin and Abd Majid, Hazreen and Toumpakari, Zoi and Carroll, Harriet Amy and Jalaludin, Muhammad Yazid and Al Sadat, Nabilla and Johnson, Laura (2019) The association of breakfast frequency and cardiovascular Disease (CVD) risk factors among adolescents in Malaysia. Nutrients, 11 (5). pp. 1-20. ISSN 2072-6643
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Abstract
Breakfast frequency is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in Western populations, possibly via the types of food eaten or the timing of food consumption, but associations in Malaysian adolescents are unknown. While the timing of breakfast is similar, the type of food consumed at breakfast in Malaysia differs from Western diets, which allows novel insight into the mechanisms underlying breakfast–CVD risk associations. We investigated foods eaten for breakfast and associations between breakfast frequency and CVD risk factors in the Malaysian Health and Adolescents Longitudinal Research Team study (MyHeARTs). Breakfast (frequency of any food/drink reported as breakfast in 7-day diet history interviews) and CVD risk factors (body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, fasting blood glucose, triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and systolic and diastolic blood pressure) were cross-sectionally associated using linear regression adjusting for potential confounders (n = 795, age 13 years). Twelve percent of adolescents never ate breakfast and 50% ate breakfast daily, containing mean (SD) 400 (±127) kilocalories. Commonly consumed breakfast foods were cereal-based dishes (primarily rice), confectionery (primarily sugar), hot/powdered drinks (primarily Milo), and high-fat milk (primarily sweetened condensed milk). After adjustment, each extra day of breakfast consumption per week was associated with a lower BMI (−0.34 kg/m2, 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.02, −0.66), and serum total (−0.07 mmol/L 95% CI −0.02, −0.13) and LDL (−0.07 mmol/L 95% CI −0.02, −0.12) cholesterol concentrations. Eating daily breakfast in Malaysia was associated with slightly lower BMI and total and LDL cholesterol concentrations among adolescents. Longitudinal studies and randomized trials could further establish causality.
| Item Type: | Article (Journal) |
|---|---|
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | breakfast; obesity; cardiovascular; health; BMI; waist circumference; cholesterol; blood pressure; MyHeARTs |
| Subjects: | H Social Sciences > HA Statistics > HA154 Statistical data Q Science > Q Science (General) R Medicine > RA Public aspects of medicine R Medicine > RA Public aspects of medicine > RA643 Communicable Diseases and Public Health |
| Kulliyyahs/Centres/Divisions/Institutes (Can select more than one option. Press CONTROL button): | Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences > Department of Nutrition Sciences Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences |
| Depositing User: | Dr Norashikin Mustafa |
| Date Deposited: | 21 Sep 2022 09:52 |
| Last Modified: | 21 Sep 2022 09:54 |
| URI: | http://irep.iium.edu.my/id/eprint/100072 |
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